Most P1S upgrades are about one thing: printing filaments the stock parts cannot. Start with the one that matches what you want to print.
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Hardened steel, for carbon and glass fiber
The P1S comes with a stainless steel nozzle and extruder gears. Bambu Lab's extruder upgrade guide says abrasive filaments such as carbon fiber, glass fiber, metal-filled and glow-in-the-dark wear those parts quickly, and for the most abrasive ones a nozzle can be damaged in a single print.
The fix is hardened steel in both places: the extruder gears and the hotend. Bambu's guide describes two routes. Swap in complete hardened steel assemblies, which is quicker and leaves you the originals as spares, or replace just the gears and the nozzle, which is cheaper but takes longer.
Bambu also recommends a 0.6 or 0.8 mm nozzle for abrasive filaments, to cut the risk of clogs. Hardened steel is not made in 0.2 mm.
Hardened steel hotend
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Third-party hotend
XMammal hotend for P1P and P1S
Complete third-party hotend for the P1P and P1S: a hardened steel 0.4 mm nozzle with the heater, thermistor, heating block and cooling fan fitted as one unit.
The P1S prints one filament at a time until you add Bambu Lab's AMS. Bambu says chaining AMS units reaches up to 16 colors. It is sold on its own and with the printer as the P1S Combo, from Bambu Lab's store.
Nozzle sizes
Bambu Lab sells 0.2, 0.6 and 0.8 mm nozzles for the P1S alongside the stock 0.4 mm. A 0.2 mm nozzle gives finer detail and slower prints; a 0.6 or 0.8 mm nozzle lays down more plastic per line for faster, sturdier parts.
Build plates
The P1S ships with a textured PEI plate. Bambu Lab also lists its Cool Plate, Engineering Plate and High Temperature Plate as compatible. A second textured plate lets one print cool while the next one runs.
Spare textured PEI plate
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Build plate
SAHVAIM textured PEI build plate
Double-sided textured PEI spring steel plate, 257 × 257 mm and 0.77 mm thick, listed for the Bambu Lab A1, P1S, P2S, X1 and X2D.
Specifications come from manufacturers' published pages and can change. Check your printer's current documentation before you change a setting or fit a part.